Some of the ions are pulled into Jupiter's upper atmosphere and create auroras. This varying tidal pull also produces friction in Io's interior, enough to cause significant tidal heating and melting. Solved Jupiter's moon Io is about the same size as Earth's - Chegg As a result " tidal forces" cause large amounts of "flexing" inside Io. [14][27] In addition, modeling of silicate lava flows on Io suggested that they cooled rapidly, causing their thermal emission to be dominated by lower temperature components, such as solidified flows, as opposed to the small areas covered by still molten lava near the actual eruption temperature. (a) Io is much larger. NASA's Pioneer 10 craft arrived first in 1973, followed by Pioneer 11 in 1974. Io's volcanic activity was first discovered by NASA's Voyager missions in 1979. Io is caught in a tug-of-war between Jupiter's massive gravity and the smaller but precisely timed pulls from two neighboring moons that orbit farther from JupiterEuropa and Ganymede. What is your 'food clock'? Can you find them? Io is heated up by the strong gravitational pulls of Jupiter on one side and the large moons Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto on the other. ELI5: why is Io so volcanically active (due to gravitational tidal Star Wars: Visions season 2 episodes, ranked, Out of this world accommodation: What sci-fi gets right (and wrong) about life beyond Earth, Transformers movies in order: Chronological and release, Virtual Nightmare is the anti-Matrix movie you've never seen, The Native American night sky: 7 starry sights to see, How to photograph SpaceX Starlink satellites in the night sky. Catch October's annular solar eclipse with 5 iconic routes through the US. [36] The largest volcanic depression on Io is Loki Patera at 202 kilometres (126mi) across. The energy for all that volcanism doesn't originate within Io. [58] Pele-type plumes form red (from short-chain sulfur) and black (from silicate pyroclastics) surface deposits, including large 1,000 kilometres (620mi)-wide red rings, as seen at Pele. [3], Io's volcanism has led to the formation of hundreds of volcanic centres and extensive lava formations, making it the most volcanically active body in the Solar System. ELI5: why is Io so volcanically active (due to gravitational tidal effects from Jupiter) but Mercury is dead. [8], The discovery of volcanic plumes at Pele and Loki in 1979 provided conclusive evidence that Io was geologically active. The little dust that is visible in sunlit images is generated when sulfur and sulfur dioxide condense as the gases reach the top of their ballistic trajectories. But I do promise at least to read the abstract and conclusions and look at the pretty pictures, so I'll be familiar with your work when I write about the fields you work in. Jupiters moon Io is the most volcanically active world in the solar system. [8], The most common type of volcanic plume on Io are dust plumes, or Prometheus-type plumes, produced when encroaching lava flows vaporize underlying sulfur dioxide frost, sending the material skyward. [28], Silicate volcanism, involving basaltic lava with mafic to ultramafic (magnesium-rich) compositions, was confirmed by the Galileo spacecraft in the 1990s and 2000s from temperature measurements of Io's numerous hot spots, locations where thermal emission is detected, and from spectral measurements of Io's dark material. In Greek mythology, Io was a priestess of Hera (Zeus' wife) and the daughter of Inachus, the king of Argos. How large is Jupiter compared to Earth? Over time, because the solidified lava is denser than the still-molten magma below, this crust can founder, triggering an increase in thermal emission at the volcano. [44] The thickness of flow fields was not determined by Galileo, but the individual breakouts on their surface are likely to be 1m (3ft) thick. Please be respectful of copyright. Jupiter is the oldest and most massive world in the solar system. Zeus (the counterpart for the Roman god Jupiter) fell in love with her but turned her into a cow to avoid being caught with her by his wife, Hera (or Juno). These moons are called the "Galilean moons" because they were first observed by Galileo. its elliptical orbit causes the tidal force to vary as Io orbits Jupiter. Additional materials that might be found in the volcanic plumes include sodium, potassium, and chlorine. The atmosphere on Jupiter's moon Io is a witches' brew, composed primarily of the sulfurous exhalations of more than 400 volcanoes that dot the surface. In addition, eruption temperatures as high as 1,600K (1,300C; 2,400F) were detected, which can be explained by the eruption of high-temperature ultramafic silicate lavas. Io is currently the most volcanically active body in our Solar System. Io experiences significant tidal heating due to its close proximity to Jupiter and its strong gravitational pull. [17] However, the IRIS instrument was not capable of detecting wavelengths that are indicative of higher temperatures. [51] The 1997 Pillan eruption produced a 400km (250mi) wide deposit of dark, silicate material and bright sulfur dioxide. When you become a member, you join our mission to increase discoveries in our solar system and beyond, elevate the search for life outside our planet, and decrease the risk of Earth being hit by an asteroid. By the inverse square law for gravity, the force on the near side of the moon is stronger than on the far side. [46] Although generally dwarfed by explosion-dominated eruptions, the average flow rate at these compound flow fields is much greater than what is observed at similar contemporary lava flows on Earth. Bagenal, Fran, and Vincent Dols. Craters are used by geologists to estimate the age of a planetary surface; the number of impact structures increase with the age of the planetary surface. During its 36th low pass over Jupiter, NASAs Juno spacecraft captured this view of striking Jupiter's cloud bands and swirls. They based this prediction on models of Io's interior that took into account the massive amount of heat produced by the varying tidal pull of Jupiter on Io caused by its slightly eccentric orbit. It arises from Io's orbit of the giant planet Jupiter. [6], Explosion-dominated eruptions can produce dramatic (but often short-lived) surface changes around the eruption site, such as large pyroclastic and plume deposits produced as gas exsolves from lava fountains. (b) It does not keep the same face toward its planet. Whatever the formation mechanism, the morphology and distribution of many paterae suggest that they are structurally controlled, with at least half bounded by faults or mountains. Io is volcanically active due to a process called tidal heating. [10] At the time, this heat flux was attributed to the surface having a much higher thermal inertia than Europa and Ganymede. [1] At first, she suspected the cloud to be a moon behind Io, but no suitably sized body would have been in that location. [7] That is why these plumes lack the dense central column seen in Prometheus-type plumes, in which dust is generated at the plume source. Volcanic fissures ooze lava onto the moon's surface, filling impact craters and creating new floodplains of liquid rock. What's happening on Io is comparable to what happened in Earth's past, such as the giant outpourings of lava that are associated with four out of five mass extinctions. Unlike Earth, where most of its internal heat is released by conduction through the crust, on Io internal heat is released via volcanic activity and generates the satellite's high heat flow (global total: 0.61.61014 W). As ever, Loki Patera stole the show. Why is Io so volcanically active? Earth just set a heat record. Io is a small body to be so volcanically active. Bottom line: Not only is Io the most volcanically active body in the solar system, its volcanoes are also some of the most unusual. For the first time, astronomers have uncovered evidence of water vapor in the atmosphere of Jupiter's moon Ganymede. The paper was published in a fairly obscure journal (obscure, that is, to me): the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. A composite image of auroras on Jupiter, taken using the Hubble Space Telescope's Imaging Spectrograph. Io is a small body to be so volcanically active. A volcanic plume erupts from the surface of Io, Jupiter's third largest moon and the most geologically active body in the solar system, in a picture taken by the Galileo spacecraft. Social Media Lead: SOLVED: Why is Io more volcanically active than our moon? (a) Io is In the case of Io, the rotation is not synchronous, although is is very close. Speaking of which, Franck Marchis is one of the astronomers doing just that kind of work, and he recently posted to his blog some images of Io, erupting, taken with the Adaptive Optics-equipped Keck II telescope. How extreme heat affects our petsand how to help them, This place may have the highest density of great white sharks, Controversial oil drilling paused in Namibian wilderness, Dolphin moms use 'baby talk' with their calves, Nevada is crawling with swarms of smelly 'Mormon crickets'. Here's what you should know. The most powerful volcanic eruption observed on Io was an "outburst" eruption at Surt, observed by Earth-based astronomers on February 22, 2001. Jupiter's third-largest moon Io is the most volcanically active world in our solar system. Ios very thin atmosphere is primarily sulfur dioxide, which on Earth is sometimes used to preserve dried food. Hubble observations of Europa have revealed the presence of persistent water vapor but, mysteriously, only in one hemisphere. Instant Solution: Step 1/3 First, we can consider the size of Io and our moon. [23] This colour pattern corresponds to flows radiating out from a central vent, cooling as the lava travels away from it. So, the correct answer is . [7][59] The few Pele-type plumes that have been observed are usually associated with explosion-dominated eruptions, and are short-lived. Why is Io so geologically active? Io's surface is primarily composed of sulfur and sulfur dioxide, according to ESA. [6], Intra-patera eruptions occur within volcanic depressions known as paterae,[34] which generally have flat floors bounded by steep walls. . For work to be accomplished, there must be motion in the direction of the force. [37] Flow-like features have also been observed within a number of paterae, like Camaxtli Patera, suggesting that lava flows periodically resurface their floors. The Volcanoes Of Io - WorldAtlas Both materials have been detected in the plumes generated at Io's volcanoes, with sulfur being a primary constituent of Pele-type plumes. Prometheus-type plumes are frequently seen at flow-dominated eruptions, helping make this plume type quite long-lived. [1] Observations of Io by passing spacecraft (the Voyagers, Galileo, Cassini, and New Horizons) and Earth-based astronomers have revealed more than 150 active volcanoes. This movement causes Io's rocks to grind past each other, generating vast quantities of heat 20 times more heat flow than Earth. It is the most volcanically active world in the Solar System. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. But its also possible Io could just have pockets of magma rather than one giant ocean, or even a fluid-filled sponge layer instead. These include the Siberian Traps, where mighty, prolonged eruptions likely triggered the worst mass extinction in Earths history. Tsang, Constantine CC, et al. Instead, its a result of its strange orbital shenanigans. [12]:9 It has since been determined that the greater flux at shorter wavelengths was due to the combined flux from Io's volcanoes and solar heating, whereas solar heating provides a much greater fraction of the flux at longer wavelengths. [5], Although the more explosive, lava-fountaining stage may last only a few days to a week, explosion-dominated eruptions can continue for weeks to months, producing large, voluminous silicate lava flows. This discovery, along with the discovery of three other Jovian moons, was the first time a moon was ever found orbiting a planet other than Earth. Its volcanic activity was discovered in 1979 by Voyager 1 imaging scientist Linda Morabito. The research also confirms that Io is even stranger and more difficult to explain than anyone thought. Where are they?. Its volcanic activity was discovered in 1979 by Voyager 1 imaging scientist Linda Morabito. Io Jupiter's fifth moon is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. [7] The higher vent temperatures and pressures associated with these plumes generate eruption speeds of up to 1 kilometre per second (0.62mi/s), allowing them to reach heights of between 300 and 500 kilometres (190 and 310mi). Unfortunately, its quite difficult to get satisfactory answers by comparing Loki to modern lava lakes on Earth, as the patera is far too big for the terrestrial mechanisms to simply scale up, Davies says. Here, NASAs Galileo spacecraft captured an image of Io in the midst of a volcanic eruption. [14], Shortly before the Voyager 1 encounter, Stan Peale, Patrick Cassen, and R. T. Reynolds published a paper in the journal Science predicting a volcanically modified surface and a differentiated interior, with distinct rock types rather than a homogeneous blend. In many cases, active lava breakouts flow out onto the surface at locations tens to hundreds of kilometres from the source vent, with low amounts of thermal emission observed between it and the breakout. [4][19] In the Earth, these internal heat sources drive mantle convection, which in turn causes volcanism through plate tectonics. The newest volcano was detected in a region called Tvashtar Catena near Io's north pole. Why is Io more volcanically active than our moon? (a) Io is much larger. Io: A guide to Jupiter's volcanic moon | Space Voyager 1 also observed flow features formed by low-viscosity fluid and tall, isolated mountains that did not resemble terrestrial volcanoes. 1 comment 67% Upvoted Io's orbit cuts across Jupiter's powerful magnetic lines of force, turning Io into an electric generator. Gas giants: Jovian planets of our solar system and beyond, 7 solar system worlds where the weather is crazy. Io is the most volcanically active body in our solar system. McEwen says its a reasonable assumption, since the brightness of the south polar plumes on the ice moon Enceladus also varies with its orbit around Saturn. [16] Following this discovery, eight other plumes were located in Voyager images of Io. This suggests that lava flows through lava tubes from the source vent to the breakout.
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