You can choose to embed the form as an iframe or web pop-up that is easy to fill. The expression of SAAs receptors genes,36,37 including FPR1, FPR2, TLR4, TLR2, SCARB1, and CD36, was enriched in macrophages, which was confirmed by the scRNA-seq and Stereo-seq data (Fig. 3a; Materials and methods). Secondary analysis of data collected by another researcher for a different purpose, or SDA, is increasing in the medical and social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. To characterize the differences in pathways, as well as biological functions, between tumor cells from SAAs-enriched areas and non-SAAs-enriched areas, the DEGs between the tumor cells in two layers around the border of LC5-M were used. f, g Line graphs showing the GSVA scores for different hallmarks of cancer, including angiogenesis, apoptosis, immune escape, EMT, G2M, and hypoxia (f) and metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, glutamine metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acyl CoA synthesis, and fatty acid -oxidation (g) in different layers from the borders of the 16 liver cancer specimens based on Stereo-seq data. Primary Data vs. Secondary Data: Market Research Methods Secondary Analysis Research - PMC - National Center for Biotechnology S10d). Whether you are a student, researcher, or academic, researchmethod.net can provide you with valuable insights and resources to help you improve your research skills and conduct research with confidence. 633, 185196 (2010). The raw spatial expression matrix was converted into 25m25m pseudo-spots (50 bins50 bins/spot, bin50) representing approximately one cell, which resulted in the detection of an average of 5894642 mRNA molecules and 3661897 genes per spot (Supplementary information, Table S4). Research Integrity and ethics Research involving humans Ethical guidance Secondary data Secondary data Using secondary data can be a good alternative to collecting data directly from participants (primary data), removing the need for face-to-face contact. S2a, b). What is Pure or Basic Research? Elosua-Bayes, M., Nieto, P., Mereu, E., Gut, I. Newspaper are unique source of information for a researcher.Because, they contain some information that is not available in books or journals. Required fields are marked *, Please Answer * Asp, M. et al. The pan-cancer cohort patients in validation cohort 4 included those with HCC (n=7), ICC (n=20), and those with liver metastasis of colorectal cancer (n=5), pancreatic cancer (n=4), lung cancer (n=5), gallbladder carcinoma (n=5), gastric cancer (n=5), and ovarian cancer (n=5). An invasive zone in human liver cancer identified by Stereo-seq Nature 489, 5774 (2012). For instance, if you are carrying out research into the number of women who smoke in London, it would not be appropriate for you to make use of information that was gathered 5 years ago unless you plan to do some sort of data comparison. Chen, W. et al. S4c). = 22, 627644 (2021). What is the purpose of the research? i Heatmap showing the cell type compositions and fractions of the 5 grouped patterns corresponding to panel h. j Bar charts for the recurrence enrichment score show the prognostic association for each pattern. Secondary data refers to data that is collected by someone other than the primary user. In addition, macrophages in the invasive zone also exhibited upregulated expression of multiple cytokines and chemokine genes, such as CCL3, CCL4, and IL1B (Fig. It is sometimes referred to as desk research. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in The tissues were then converted into single-cell suspensions using a gentle MACS Dissociator (Miltenyi Biotec). The macrophages in the invasive zone exhibited an M2-like phenotype with increased expression of CD163, MRC1, and SAAs receptor TLR2, whereas macrophages in the tumor tissue exhibited features of ECM remodeling and increased expression of MMP9 and MMP14 (Fig. c Three-dimensional diagrams showing the spatial distribution and aggregation of the main cell types in the four regions (LC5-T, M, P, LN). After extensive washes with 1 phosphate-buffered saline, images were captured using a light microscope (200 magnification; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The IHC staining of HIF-1 and CD31 that represent hypoxia and vascular cells respectively, also support their enrichment in the first layer of tumor side (Supplementary information, Fig. But, there are ways a researcher can use to improve the reliability and credibility of the secondary data in research. Single-cell landscape of the ecosystem in early-relapse hepatocellular carcinoma. With Formplus, you can share your form with numerous form respondents in no time. . Indexed sequencing libraries were constructed using the reagents provided in the C4 scRNA-seq kit as follows: (1) post-fragmentation size selection with AMPure XP beads; (2) end repair and A-tailing; (3) adapter ligation; (4) post-ligation purification with AMPure XP beads; (5) sample index PCR and size selection with AMPure XP beads. Secondary data is suitable for any number of analytics activities. Ma, L. et al. Brenner, C., Galluzzi, L., Kepp, O. Abstract. This type of research tends to be more time consuming and can be costly. For instance, you may want to carry out research into the nature of a respiratory condition with the aim of developing a vaccine. S2a). Potential downsides to consider might include: As you consider secondary research, be sure to get familiar with related regulations and rules. All the software and code that we write is open source and made available via GitHub under the permissive MIT license. Finally, the single-cell suspension was centrifuged at 300g for 7min, and resuspended with cell resuspension buffer at a cell concentration of 1000 viable cells/L. Structure and expression of different Serum Amyloid A (SAA) variants and their concentration-dependent functions during host insults. or manually (putting it in . Compared with data generated using other spatial transcriptome methods, our Stereo-seq data had unprecedented nanoscale resolution (diameter 220nm/spot) and expandable detection areas (10mm10mm), enabling a more precise view of all cell types and cellcell communications in the target area, as well as expanded spatial transcriptome analyses.1,9,20,55,56,57 Here, we characterized the transcriptional architecture in pseudo-spots using 25m25m squares (5050 bins/spot, bin50), representing approximately one cell. Frontiers | Donepezil combined with traditional Chinese medicine has Tumor cells in the first layer from the border exhibited increased activation of hypoxic response pathways, angiogenesis, and EMT signatures as compared with those in the layers further from the border (Fig. Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old, purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd.) were housed under specific pathogen-free conditions. Wu, R. et al. Numerous research sources can be found, which also increases the possibility of many fake sites, so make sure you consult bona fide sites. Key Takeaways: Secondary Data Hepatology 73, 17171735 (2021). For the migration assays, 5104 induced THP-1 cells or CD14+ PBMCs resuspended in FBS-free RPMI 1640 medium were seeded in the upper compartments of transwell chambers. Research data plays a critical role in . 1c). To comprehensively dissect the local microenvironment in margin areas, we utilized a novel segmentation method namely scanning and digitization model (SDM) to further investigate the characteristics on both sides of the tumor border (Fig. Facci, L., Barbierato, M., Zusso, M., Skaper, S. D. & Giusti, P. Serum amyloid A primes microglia for ATP-dependent interleukin-1beta release. Hepatocyte supernatant was collected from the 12-well chambers seeded with 8105 murine primary hepatocytes in one chamber with 0.5mL DMEM medium without fetal bovine serum for 12h. Mouse SAAs enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (#PS823, Beyotime, Shanghai, China) was applied to measure the concentration of DMEM medium control and hepatocyte supernatant. units of AAV were injected into every mouse via a tail vein (6 mice in the pAAV9-Con group and 6 in the pAAV9-Saas-Sh group). This approach to systematic investigation is known as secondary research. Supervision: J.Z., A.C., X.Y., Shiping L., J.F., L.L., X.X. Spatially confined sub-tumor microenvironments in pancreatic cancer. An invasive zone in human liver cancer identified by Stereo-seq promotes hepatocytetumor cell crosstalk, local immunosuppression and tumor progression. Educational facilities like schools, faculties, and colleges are also a great source of secondary data; especially in academic research. Before going on to use secondary data for your research, it is necessary to ascertain the authenticity of the information. Wang, M. et al. But before you go knocking on school doors, make sure the institution is a verified expert in the matter. Secondary data is the data that have been already collected for another purpose but has some relevance to your current research needs. Methods Mol. It is often gathered through methods such as interviews, focus groups, or observation. S3f, g). Please consult our full legal disclaimer. b Bubble plot showing the significant ligandreceptor pairs between hepatocytes and other cell types calculated by CellPhone using scRNA-seq data. For instance, some of these materials are described as classified information as such, it would be difficult for researchers to have access to them. We confirmed our findings in five additional cohorts of patients with primary and metastatic liver cancer. Matched, frozen tumor tissues (at least 2cm from the tumor border), paratumor tissues (at least 2cm from the tumor border), and margin area tissues (1cm-wide zones centered on the tumor border) were collected from 10 ICC patients as validation cohort 2. Private agencies, expert networks, market research firms, and business consultants are also credible, accurate, and authentic sources of secondary data. Quantitative data gathering methods include online questionnaires and surveys, reports about trends plus statistics about different areas of a business or industry. Biotechnol. Each layer was simultaneously divided into 100 equal parts along the normal direction of the border (Fig. Paired frozen tumor tissues and paratumor tissues were collected from 159 HCC patients who had undergone liver resection as validation cohort 5.62 The detailed sample and pathological information is shown in Supplementary information, Tables S1, S2, S3. Offline data is obtained from the library, historical properties, personal contacts, and such organizations that are present in physical form, i.e., non-virtual reality. Liver tumour immune microenvironment subtypes and neutrophil heterogeneity. Based on our observation that the most profound variations in the immune microenvironment and metabolic changes in the tumor cells were between the second layer (250500m) and the first layer (0250m) on the tumor side of margin area, and similar trends in the inflammatory responses of hepatocytes were found on the paratumor side, we concluded that the 500m-wide zone centered on the tumor border (250m on either side) was distinct from other areas. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Through previous blogs, NIA provided updates and tips on the NIH Data Management and Sharing (DMS) Policy. In the world of research, there are two main types of data sources: primary and secondary.
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