[8] Such orbital interactions are weaker than the corresponding interactions between bodies orbiting in the same direction. [27] As a result, many could not be reliably tracked and ended up becoming lost. . The rest of Jupiter's moons orbit much farther out from the planet. Order Label Name Image Diameter Mass (x 10Pg) Semi-major axis (km) Orbital period (days) Inclination () Eccentricity Discovery date Discoverer Group 1 XVI Metis: 60 x 40 x 34 (43) 3.6 127,690 +7h 4m 29s 0.06 The giant planet commands thousands of small objects in its orbit. [15][29] As with the Galilean satellite resonance, triple conjunctions are forbidden. [13] The numbered names (Jupiter x) were used until the mid-20th century when other inner moons were discovered, and Marius' names became widely used. New Juno findings provide a fuller picture of Jupiters colorful atmospheric features, and offer clues about what's below the clouds. The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. It takes 11.86 Earth years to orbit the Sun, and rotates very quickly at a rate of 1 rotation every 9 hours 50 minutes and 28 seconds. [37], Cases of extrasolar planets close to a 1:2 mean-motion resonance are fairly common. On April 9, 2022, the JunoCam instrument captured what it would look like to ride along with the Juno spacecraft. [8] Galileo's March 13, 1610, Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger), which announced celestial observations through his telescope, does not explicitly mention Copernican heliocentrism, a theory that placed the Sun at the center of the universe. [6], The names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius, who discovered the moons independently at the same time as Galileo: he named them at the suggestion of Johannes Kepler after lovers of the god Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter), in his Mundus Jovialis, published in 1614:[13]. The correct equation (part of the Laplace equations) is: In other words, the mean motion of Io is indeed double of that of Europa taking into account the precession of the perijove. It is the most volcanic body known, with lava flows, lava lakes, and giant calderas covering its sulfurous landscape. Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter: 9 Metis, 38 Leda, 52 Europa, 85 Io, 113 Amalthea, 239 Adrastea. [61], GIF animations depicting the Galilean moon orbits and the resonance of Io, Europa, and Ganymede. [19] These moons are, in increasing order of distance from Jupiter: Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter; with a diameter of 3642kilometers, it is the fourth-largest moon in the Solar System, and is only marginally larger than Earth's moon. Thus, the 2:3 ratio above means that Pluto completes two orbits in the time it takes Neptune to complete three. [5]:6 Although the team considers their characterized candidates to be likely moons of Jupiter, they all remain unconfirmed due to insufficient observation data for determining reliable orbits. The simple integer ratios between periods hide more complex relations: As illustration of the latter, consider the well-known 2:1 resonance of Io-Europa. Nine spacecraft have visited Jupiter. The resonance of the longitude of the perihelion in relation to that of Neptune, This page was last edited on 27 June 2023, at 21:39. The Galilean moons. The Galileo spacecraft was the first to enter orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying it until 2003. Design & Development: One theory for why the resonance came to an end is that there was another moon around Saturn whose orbit destabilized about 100 million years ago, perturbing Saturn.[20][21]. [9], The observations of Simon Marius are another noted example of observation, and he later reported observing the moons in 1609. When averaged over astronomically short timescales, their relative position is random, just like bodies that are nowhere near resonance. 4 Galilean Moons: Large (>3000 km), spherical & differentiated Io, Europa, Ganymede & Callisto. Jupiter's Moon Ganymede - Solar System The mode-locking regions are named Arnold tongues. Each generation of moons to have formed would have spiraled into Jupiter and been destroyed, due to tidal interactions with Jupiter's proto-satellite disk, with new moons forming from the remaining debris. Galileo, seeking patronage from his now-wealthy former student and his powerful family, used the discovery of Jupiter's moons to gain it. They are the most readily visible Solar System objects after Saturn, the dimmest of the classical planets, which are readily visible from Earth by the unaided eye, even under night sky conditions of high light pollution. [8] The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance with each other, which still exists for Io, Europa, and Ganymede: they are in a 1:2:4 resonance. [64] The true population of Jovian irregular moons is likely complete down to magnitude 23.2 at diameters over 3km (1.9mi) as of 2020[update]. [10], Chinese historian Xi Zezong claimed that the earliest record of a Jovian moon (Ganymede or Callisto) was a note by Chinese astronomer Gan De of an observation around 364 BC regarding a "reddish star". Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues. Through this they became the first Solar System objects discovered since humans have started tracking the classical planets, and the first objects to be found to orbit a planet other than the Earth. These are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to the Moon. [26] Scott Sheppard, then a graduate student of David Jewitt, demonstrated this extended capability of CCD cameras in a survey conducted with the Mauna Kea Observatory's 2.2-meter (88in) UH88 telescope in November 2000, discovering eleven new irregular moons of Jupiter including the previously lost Themisto with the aid of automated computer algorithms. The actual ratio is 0.61518624, which is only 0.032% away from exactly 8:13. By the time the present generation formed, the gas in the proto-satellite disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits.[19][20]. [50] Several different suggestions were made for names of Jupiter's outer satellites, but none were universally accepted until 1975 when the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites VXIII,[51] and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites still to be discovered. Important information can also be gleaned on the moons interior and activity, and therefore on the consequences for potential habitability. Some orbital frequency coincidences include: The least probable orbital correlation in the list is that between Io and Metis, followed by those between Rosalind and Cordelia, Pallas and Ceres, Jupiter and Pallas, Callisto and Ganymede, and Hydra and Charon, respectively. This composite image shows. Callisto has an ancient, heavily cratered and unaltered ice surface and the way it rotates indicates that its density is equally distributed, suggesting that it has no rocky or metallic core but consists of a homogeneous mix of rock and ice. The Next Full Moon is the Harvest Moon, the Fruit Moon, the Barley Moon, and the Corn Moon. NASA Planetary Science Highlights: 2021. [10] However, because he did not publish these findings until after Galileo, there is a degree of uncertainty around his records.[10]. [51] The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god Jupiter (Zeus) and, since 2004, also after their descendants. The rover will be delivered to the Moon's surface in late 2023. A secular resonance occurs when the precession of two orbits is synchronised (usually a precession of the perihelion or ascending node). Asteroids which approach it have their eccentricity slowly increased until they become Mars-crossers, at which point they are usually ejected from the asteroid belt by a close pass to Mars. The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres (1,900mi) in diameter; the largest Galilean, Ganymede, is the ninth largest object in the Solar System, after the Sun and seven of the planets, Ganymede being larger than Mercury. In 2023, NASAs Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) will land near the western edge of the Nobile Crater at the Moons South Pole. Jupiter's Moon Thebe - Solar System Stabilization may occur when the two bodies move in such a synchronised fashion that they never closely approach. It was named after Io, . Ganymede reveals past tectonic movement of the ice surface which required partial melting of subsurface layers. Named after Galileo Galilei, who observed them in either December 1609 or January 1610, and recognized them as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610,[2] remaining the only known moons of Jupiter until the discovery of the fifth largest moon of Jupiter Amalthea in 1892. The moons may have been caught in and then escaped from orbital resonance several times. [17][18][19] Initially, Saturn probably had a tilt closer to that of Jupiter (3.1). In 2016, the Juno spacecraft imaged the Galilean moons from above their orbital plane as it approached Jupiter orbit insertion, creating a time-lapse movie of their motion. [44] However, these names fell out of favor until the 20th century. Depending on the details, this can either stabilize or destabilize the orbit. Some of the irregular moons' proper orbital periods in this list may not scale accordingly with their proper semi-major axes due to aforementioned perturbations. . Over long times (a million years, or so) a secular resonance will change the eccentricity and inclination of the small body. The four large moons of Jupiter - Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto - are collectively known as the Galilean moons after Galileo Galilei first discovered them in 1609/10, and recognized that they were orbiting Jupiter. Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons, "Planetary Satellite Discovery Circumstances", "Astronomers Find a Dozen More Moons for Jupiter", "The Population of Kilometer-scale Retrograde Jovian Irregular Moons", "Cannibalistic Jupiter ate its early moons", "Long-term evolution of the Galilean satellites: the capture of Callisto into resonance", "Irregular Satellites of the Planets: Products of Capture in the Early Solar System", "The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo", "Simon Marius's Mundus Iovialis: 400th Anniversary in Galileo's Shadow", "Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter", "Discovery of a Sixth Satellite of Jupiter", "Note on the Newly Discovered Eighth Satellite of Jupiter, Photographed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich", "Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter", "An unidentified object near Jupiter, probably a new satellite", "Press Information Sheet: New Outer Satellite of Jupiter Discovered", "Irregular Satellites of the Giant Planets", "An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter", "New Satellites of Jupiter Discovered in 2003", "Irregular Satellites of the Outer Planets: Orbital Uncertainties and Astrometric Recoveries in 2009-2011", "Discovery of Two Additional Jovian Irregulars", "CBET 2734: NEW SATELLITES OF JUPITER: S/2010 J 1 AND S/2010 J 2", "UBC researchers help unveil Jupiter's smallest known moon", "The Orbits of Jupiter's Irregular Satellites", "Jupiter's Moons: 10 More Found, 79 Known", "New Jupiter Satellites and Moon-Moon Collisions", "Discovering 12 New Moons Around Jupiter", "Here's why Jupiter's tally of moons keeps going up and up", "Asteroid Discovery and Characterization with the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope", "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers", "Formation of the Galilean Satellites: Conditions of Accretion", "Ganymede May Harbor 'Club Sandwich' of Oceans and Ice", "Collisional Origin of Families of Irregular Satellites", "Study Suggests Jupiter Could Have 600 Moons", "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters", "Europa - definition of Europa in English from the Oxford dictionary", "Ganymede - definition of Ganymede in English from the Oxford dictionary", Juno Approach Movie of Jupiter and the Galilean Moons, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moons_of_Jupiter&oldid=1163314155, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2023, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 4 July 2023, at 05:00. [20][55], Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tenths of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the Solar nebula was processed through it. These families bear the names of their largest members. Jupiter's Moons. Orbital resonances greatly enhance the mutual gravitational influence of the bodies (i.e., their ability to alter or constrain each other's orbits). Jupiter's Moons 3 - Michigan State University Lecture 38: The Moons of Jupiter - Ohio State University What is the albedo of Jupiter? Based on the ratios of synodic periods, there are 5 conjunctions of Styx and Hydra and 3 conjunctions of Nix and Hydra for every 2 conjunctions of Styx and Nix. [32] The smooth surface includes a layer of ice, while the bottom of the ice is theorized to be liquid water. In warmer Europa a thinner more easily broken crust formed. [36][37] In the process, Sheppard's team recovered several lost moons of Jupiter from 2003 to 2011 and reported two new Jovian irregular moons in June 2017. Many are believed to have broken up by mechanical stresses during capture, or afterward by collisions with other small bodies, producing the moons we see today. The Galilean moons (/lli.n/),[1] or Galilean satellites, are the four largest moons of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Jupiter's four largest moons are known as the Galilean moons. Their orbital periods are quite short, and so their movements are rapid in astronomical terms: some changes in osition may be seen in an hour. nasa.gov. To accomplish this, it will use the stars. This resonance may have been occupied in the past. [44] The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the mid-20th century,[45] whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12). (A Laplace resonance in the Gliese 876 system, in contrast, is associated with one triple conjunction per orbit of the outermost planet, ignoring libration.) [55][56] They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history. [80][79] Evidence for such past resonances includes the relatively high eccentricities of the orbits of Uranus' inner satellites, and the anomalously high orbital inclination of Miranda. To mark the 50th close pass, NASA teamed up with Google Arts & Culture to . [41] Ganymede is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System at 5262.4 kilometers in diameter, which makes it larger than the planet Mercury although only at about half of its mass[42] since Ganymede is an icy world. Additionally, Haumea is thought to be in a 7:12 resonance with Neptune,[25][26] and Gonggong is thought to be in a 3:10 resonance with Neptune.[27]. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold. [45][46], Callisto (Jupiter IV) is the fourth and last Galilean moon, and is the second-largest of the four, and at 4820.6 kilometers in diameter, it is the third largest moon in the Solar System, and barely smaller than Mercury, though only a third of the latter's mass. For example, consider the orbits of Earth and Venus, which arrive at almost the same configuration after 8 Earth orbits and 13 Venus orbits. In the case of resonance relationships among three or more bodies, either type of ratio may be used (whereby the smallest whole-integer ratio sequences are not necessarily reversals of each other), and the type of ratio will be specified.
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